Urban Air Mobility (UAM), National Air Space (NAS), and NextGen

 

Urban Air Mobility 

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a cutting-edge approach that leverages advanced technologies, prioritizing noise reduction and utilizing both manned and unmanned vehicles for on-demand and scheduled operations. While numerous aircraft manufacturers and startups have made significant strides in developing and even testing their vehicles, there remain substantial challenges in seamlessly and safely integrating these innovative machines into the complex framework of national airspace (NAS). This requires careful consideration of regulatory and operational aspects to ensure a smooth and efficient transition. The figure below illustrates the concept of UAM, left side Eve Embraer and Zanite concept vehicle while on the right.

National Air Space (NAS)

In the current aviation landscape, the skies are constantly populated by a diverse array of aircraft occupying different altitude levels. This includes the presence of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS), which demand vigilant oversight and regulation to safeguard both public safety and ensure smooth operations. Without effective traffic monitoring, the potential consequences could be severe, resulting in property damage and even loss of human lives. Hence, it is of utmost importance for governmental bodies to develop well-considered legislative frameworks that facilitate the safe and seamless integration of these technologies, including Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems.

Next Gen

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an ambitious initiative led by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to modernize the United States' National Airspace System (NAS). This comprehensive infrastructure project aims to significantly improve safety, efficiency, capacity, predictability, and resilience in American aviation. Rather than conducting minor upgrades to an aging infrastructure, NextGen will introduce cutting-edge technologies, paving the way for the implementation of Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) in air traffic management. This transformation will result in a more capable and robust aerospace infrastructure to meet future demand. Notably, NextGen will focus on safely integrating non-traditional users, such as commercial space transportation and advanced air mobility. It encompasses advancements in airport infrastructure, the introduction of new air traffic technologies and procedures, and the implementation of safety and security enhancements. Additionally, NextGen will play a pivotal role in reducing harmful emissions, promoting the adoption of sustainable aviation fuels, and driving the development of new aircraft and engines.

Loss of Link

In a lost link scenario by a UAS in the NAS, several significant implications arise, one of them being safety concerns: For example, a lost link means that the UAS loses communication with its ground control station (GCS) or the human operator (HO), which can lead to a lack of control over the vehicle. This poses risks to both the UAS itself and other aircraft or entities in the airspace. Another safety factor is the potential for collision as a result of loss link. Without a reliable communication link, the UAS may not be able to detect or avoid other aircraft, leading to the potential for mid-air collisions or near-miss incidents. Lastly, the UAS may enter a predefined failsafe mode (in some cases), such as returning to a predetermined location or entering a holding pattern. However, if the UAS encounters obstacles or restricted airspace during this period, it may be unable to navigate safely. The image below depicts a U.S Airforce Predator UAS operating in Afghanistan that experienced a loss of communication link, leading to its subsequent crash in a remote area.

Detect and Avoid (DAS)

DSA stands for Detect and Avoid. It refers to the technology and systems designed to enable UAS to detect and avoid potential collisions with other aircraft, both crewed and uncrewed. DSA plays a important role in ensuring the safe integration of UAS into the NAS.

Implementing effective DSA capabilities is essential for meeting regulatory requirements and addressing safety concerns associated with UAS operations. By providing UAS with the ability to autonomously sense and respond to other aircraft and threats in their vicinity, DSA technology may prevent mid-air collisions while ensuring the overall safety of the airspace. This technology is integral in establishing the necessary situational awareness (SA) and collision avoidance capabilities for UAS to operate alongside crewed aircraft in shared airspace.

Human Factors (HF)

Considering human factors is essential to ensure that systems and products are effectively adapted to meet users' requirements within their specific operating contexts. The operator's proficiency plays a pivotal role in their response, especially in situations involving a lost link. Factors such as their training, experience, and adherence to established protocols significantly influence the outcome. Moreover, stress and workload levels can rise during a lost link scenario, potentially affecting decision-making and response times. The design of the control interface and the quality of information provided are also critical factors influencing the operator's ability to diagnose and address the issue. Comprehensive training, encompassing contingency plans and procedures, is imperative for operators to respond efficiently. Consequently, comprehending the operator's interaction with the UAS and its control systems is paramount. Creating interfaces that facilitate clear communication and maintain situational awareness is of utmost importance.